HOW DO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WORK?
The foundation of an embedded system relies on a central processing unit (CPU), which acts as the core controller of the system. The CPU can refer to either a microprocessor or a microcontroller. Other crucial hardware components include memory, input/output (I/O) devices, sensors, analog-to-digital converters (ADC), digital-to-analog converters (DAC), actuators, and peripherals. These hardware elements can be assembled on a single board, forming what is called a system on chip. Alternatively, a system on module can also be deployed for various projects, offering a more complex hardware configuration.
The primary hardware components of embedded systems include:
Memory, utilized for data storage. In systems driven by a microprocessor, an additional memory chip is necessary, while microcontrollers come with on-chip memory. Read-only memory (ROM) is used to retain the software program that governs the microcontroller, whereas random-access memory (RAM) temporarily holds data utilized by the system.
Sensors which convert physical parameters into electrical signals and can store the measured quantities in memory.
Computer Buses serve as communication pathways for transferring data between components within the embedded system. Examples include Serial Buses (I2C, SPI, SMBus), RS232, RS485, and Universal Serial Bus (USB).
Microprocessor, which solely contains a CPU and is generally limited to executing a single task with minimal power.
Microcontroller, which integrates I/O ports, CPU, and RAM/ROM memory within one chip. Most embedded systems are centered around either microcontrollers or microprocessors. Microcontrollers typically comprise one or more CPUs along with integrated memory and programmable I/O peripherals.
Peripherals such as scanners, keyboards, cameras, and printers.
Analog to Digital Converters, responsible for transforming analog electrical signals into digital formats.
Digital to Analog Converters, which convert digital signals from the processor back into electrical signals.
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I/O Devices facilitate input and output processes. Input devices collect data from the external environment, including sensors, switches, photodiodes, and optocouplers. These devices receive user input and respond accordingly. Output devices generate results based on input events occurring outside the microcontroller, such as LCDs, touchscreens, LEDs, motors, seven-segment displays, buzzers, and relays.
To enrich your understanding of embedded computers, be sure to check out our article titled What is an Embedded Computer.
Embedded Systems Overview
Embedded systems play a pivotal role in contemporary electronics, functioning within a variety of devices. But what precisely are embedded systems, how do they work, and where are they applied?
What defines an embedded system?
An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software, crafted to execute a distinct function. Often, it operates within a larger framework, controlling a single aspect of a multifaceted device. These systems can be programmed or have predetermined functions.
While many embedded systems lack user interfaces, those integrated into mobile devices may feature complex graphical user interfaces (GUIs) replete with buttons, LEDs, and touch capabilities.
Due to their specialized nature, embedded systems tend to be compact and energy-efficient, facilitating easy integration with other components in extensive devices.
The mechanics of embedded systems
Essentially, embedded systems are low-power, compact computers that work as integral parts of larger machinery or systems.
These systems comprise a processor, memory, power source, and communication ports that interface with other embedded systems within the device. The exchanged data is then processed by software tailored explicitly for the functions of the embedded system, with resultant data stored in memory.
The processor may be either a microcontroller or a microprocessor. Microprocessors typically require additional support circuitry as they do not contain memory or peripherals directly on the chip, relying instead on external integrated circuits. In contrast, microcontrollers encompass all these features on a single chip.
Types of embedded systems
Embedded systems can be categorized based on their performance requirements—small, medium, or high-end—or their functional criteria:
- Mobile embedded systems are designed to be portable.
- Networked embedded systems are linked to a network for data exchange with other systems.
- Standalone embedded systems operate independently without a host system.
- Real-time embedded systems deliver outputs within a predetermined timeframe, crucial for medical, military, and industrial applications.
Applications of embedded systems
Embedded systems are ubiquitous in modern technology, used in industrial machinery, medical apparatus, consumer electronics, vehicles, cameras, digital watches, mobile devices, airplanes, and much more.
Devices such as smartphones may contain several embedded systems, such as those dedicated to the graphical user interface, operating system, camera functionality, microphone operations, sensors, and USB communications.
The future of embedded systems
As embedded systems continue to proliferate, their presence is anticipated to grow due to their integration in innovative and emerging sectors. Instances of collaboration among multiple embedded systems can be seen in technologies like drones, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, wearables, 3D printers, and smart technologies across diverse domains.
In summary, embedded systems serve vital roles in enhancing the functionality of countless electronic devices that surround us daily.
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